A volcano in my notebook!!! project for second grade

A volcano is a mountain topped with vents, holes, and craters. When the volcano erupts, lava, ash, cinders, dust, and hot gas can pour out the top. Magma (when it's deep in the ground) or lava (when it reaches the earth's surface) is very hot, liquid rock. When the lava cools down, it turns into hard rock. Ash is a gray powder that results from material being burned in the volcano. Ash can be carried in the air for many mile Volcano World Recent Volcanoes Volcano Under the City Volcano Pathfinder / Anatomy Virtual Volcano Videos / Volcanoes The Global Volcanism Program / American Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions / Volcano Hazards The Volcano Maker / Blast from the Past: Atlantis CNN Anatomy of a Volcano Video / A Volcano Diagram Top Ten List: Worst Volcanoes in History / Build a Volcano Discovery Channel Super Volcano / USGS Volcano / NOVA Volcano CNN - Anatomy of a Volcano: Interactive Tour / Best Build a Volcano ~ Volcano Terminology ~ Magma Chamber, Crater, Vent, Cone, Bomb, Pyroclastic Flow, Ash Cloud Acid Rain, Cinders, Lahar, Landslide, Sill, Dike, Dome, Tephra, Lava Flow (Active - Dormant - Extinct) ~ Types of Volcanoes ~ Composite & Cinder Cone & Shield ~ 4 TYPES OF VOLCANOES ~ (FYI: There are approximately 600 active volcanoes on Earth today.) 1. Hot Spot Caldera Volcanoes: (the most violent and explosive eruption style) Giant Caldera / Caldera / Yellowstone / More Info Hot Spot Caldera: Explosive Supervolcano / SuperVolc Discovery Above: Yellowstone National Park Caldera Eruption (simulated) Hot Spot Caldera: Megasupervolcano! Yellowstone National Park Caldera "I don't know where I'm a gonna go...when the volcano blow." - Jimmy Buffett _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Shield Volcanoes: (FYI: Kilauea in Hawaii is the #1 most active volcano in the world) Anatomy of a Shield Volcano: Quiet "Hawaiian Style" Eruption Can you notice the profile of an upsidedown warrior's shield? Below: Mount Kilauea, Hawaii Shield Volcanoes Question: What is the biggest (shield) volcano in our Solar System? Answer: Olympus Mons (on planet Mars) Above and Below: Olympus Mons shown with Mount Everest and Mauna Kea (for scale) __________________________________________________ 3. Cinder Cone Volcanoes: (the most abundant volcano in the world, and least deadly & destrucive volcano) Cinder Cone Volcanoes Cinder Cone volcano Ejecta includes: Bombs, Blocks, Cinders, Clinkers, Glass (obsidian), Pumice and Ash Obsidian (black volcanic glass) and Pumice (only rock that floats on water) Cinder Cones... Cinder Cone volcanoes look a little like ice cream cones. Mmm...cinder cones and lava cake. What is your favorite flavor of cinder cone? Below: Cinder Cone with Visitor Center ________________________________________________________ 4. Composite (Strato) Volcanoes: (the most violent and deadly mountain style volcano, has all eruption hazards) Above and Below: Composite Stratovolcanoes with Glaciers Composite Stratovolcanoes erupt with both lava and ash. Composite (Strato) Volcanoes Strato Volcanoes Virtual Volcano Field Trips Types of Volcanic Eruptions: Strombolian, Plinian, Hawaiian, Pelean, Vulcanian ~ Types of Lava ~ Above: Lava Arch Hot - Hot - Hot Pahoehoe Lava Pahoehoe Lava: (non-viscous, fast-moving, ropey texture) Tongue Twister: Pahoehoe, Pahoehoe, Pahoehoe, Pahoehoe, Pahoehoe. Lavaboarding anyone? Notice the difference between the Aa and Pahoehoe lava below: Aa lava is viscous, jagged and chunky and moves very sloooowly. Above and Below: Aa Lava Would you like to sleep on the pillow below? Pillow Lava with video Pillow lava cools underwater like toothpaste being squeezed out of its tube. More pillow lava pillows... ~ Volcanic Features and Hazards ~ Gas Belches from the Lava Tube Lightning and thunder during the Chaiten Volcanic Eruption in Chile above. Lightning during the Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Eruption in Iceland below. Pyroclastic Flow below: ash and cinders travelling at 80-200 miles per hour... ...plus toxic gases that are 200 hundred degrees or hotter!!! Pyroclastic Flow Animation Above and Below: Pyroclastic Flow...Look Out! Volcano Hazards Pyro = "fire" + Clastic = "rock" >>> Fire-Rock Pyroclastic Flow Landslide...Tsunami Alert Tsunami / Images / Seismic Waves / Kaiter's Tsunami Info Page Painting by Katsushika Hokusai - Tsunami with Mount Fuji, Japan Below: a megatsunami waiting to happen... ...in the Atlantic Ocean. La Palma Volcano,Canary Islands Below: The LaPalma Volcano in the Canary Islands - danger of a landslide into the Atlantic Ocean... ...and subsequent megatsunami along the east coast of the Americas. __________________________________________________________ Landslide Generated Tsunami: Falling debris causes an upward bulge in the water. Lahar - Mud Avalanche Lahar: slurry of melted snow, ash, rocks and debris Above: Lahar, Columbia, South America Above and Below: Fire Fountains Fire fountains are best observed at night. Fountains of Fire... EXPLORE Formation of a Volcano  http://www.ssanpete.k12.ut.us/EMS/staff/Staff/Bishop/Bishop-7/dynearth/volcano.htm This is a good introductory illustrated site for volcanoes.   Volcano World (University of North Dakota)  http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/ This site provides volcano information including identifying currently erupting volcanoes, a collection of volcano images and video clips, plus volcano parks, monuments, and observatories. Webpages within Volcano World: 2) 'Kid' Door http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/kids/kids.html 3) Building Volcano Modelshttp://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_models/models.html 4) Do You Want to Become a volcanologist?http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/how_to.html 5) Top 101 Ask a Volcanologist Questionshttp://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/frequent_questions/top_101/Top_101.html 6) Volcanic Rocks http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/volcanic_rocks.html Related Website: 7) Volcanologists or Volcanology http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/frequent_questions/top_101/Volcanologists.html    Savage Earth: Out of the Inferno  http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/volcanoes/index.html This companion site to the PBS series has pictures, movies, and explanations of what causes volcanoes and what happens when they erupt.   Volcanoes by Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future http://cotf.edu/ete/modules/volcanoes/vtypesvolcan1.html This is a great site to learn about types of volcanoes, lava, and see some animations of eruptions.  ACTIVITIES a.-Quiz Your Noodle: Volcanoes  HERE B.- For each question below, click on the circle next to the correct answer. When you are finished with the test, Good luck!   Question #1 Most magma forms in... A. continental crust B. the lithosphere C. the asthenosphere D. ocean crust   Question #2 An opening in the earth's surface through which molten rock flows is called a ... A. vent B. caldera C. mantle D. fault   Question #3 An opening on the earth's surface through which molten rock flows and the material that builds up around the opening together form a... A. subduction zone B. trench C. convergent boundary D. volcano   Question #4 The broad volcanic feature formed by quiet eruptions on thin lava flows is called a ... A. shield zone B. cinder cone C. rift D. strato-volcano   Question #5 Which of the following formations would most likely result from a single violent volcanic eruption? A. shield volcano B. vent C. cinder cone D. caldera   Question #6 What is the name of the volcano which erupted in 1980 and caused widespread damage in the Washington and Oregon region? A. Mt. Vesuvius B. Mt. St. Helens C. Mt. Rushmore D. Mt. McKinley   Question #7 What is formed when a magma chamber empties and collapses? A. a crater B. a fissure C. a caldera D. a vent   Question #8 Before a volcanic eruption, seismic activity seems to... A. increase in frequency and decrease in intensity B. decrease in both frequency and intensity C. decrease in frequency and increase in intensity D. increase in both frequency and intensity   Question #9 Where is the volcano Olympus Mons located? A. Italy B. Japan C. on Mars D. on the moon Io   Question #10 Which of the following planetary bodies has far more volcanic activity then the earth? A. Mars B. the Moon C. Io D. Jupiter    B.-Use the links below to solve the problem or complete an activity:   1.-My Favorite Volcano. Pick a volcano to explore. Visit sites like Volcano World and Earth's Active Volcanoes to learn as much as you can about your volcano. Mark the location of the volcano on the map and attach a picture from the Internet. Describe the interesting characteristics of this volcano. Compare and contrast two different volcanoes.     2.-Create a Volcano Model.  Okay, the baking soda volcano is the kitchen equivalent of a volcano, not a real one. It's cool all the same! The baking soda volcano is also non-toxic, which adds to its appeal. Difficulty: Average Time Required: 30 minutes Here's How: First make the 'cone' of the baking soda volcano. Mix 6 cups flour, 2 cups salt, 4 tablespoons cooking oil, and 2 cups of water. The resulting mixture should be smooth and firm (more water may be added if needed). Stand the soda bottle in the baking pan and mold the dough around it into a volcano shape. Don't cover the hole or drop dough into it. Fill the bottle most of the way full with warm water and a bit of red food color (can be done before sculpting if you don't take so long that the water gets cold). Add 6 drops of detergent to the bottle contents. The detergent helps trap the bubbles produced by the reaction so you get better lava. Add 2 tablespoons baking soda to the liquid. Slowly pour vinegar into the bottle. Watch out - eruption time! Tips: The cool red lava is the result of a chemical reaction between the baking soda and vinegar. In this reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced, which is also present in real volcanoes. As the carbon dioxide gas is produced, pressure builds up inside the plastic bottle, until the gas bubbles (thanks to the detergent) out of the 'volcano'. Adding a bit of food coloring will result in red-orange lava! Orange seems to work the best. Add some red, yellow, and even purple, for a bright display. If you need more detailed instructions or information about the chemical reactions involved in the volcano, I also have a step-by-step tutorial and a video tutorial. What You Need 6 cups flour 2 cups salt 4 tablespoons cooking oil warm water plastic soda bottle dishwashing detergent food coloring vinegar baking dish or other pan 2 T baking soda More Volcano Recipes Color Change Chemical Volcano Glowing Volcano Fountain Volcano Firework More Chemical Volcano Recipes Classic Chemical Volcano Yeast and Peroxide Volcano Mentos and Soda Volcano   3.-Be a Reader. Read Volcano: The Eruption and Healing of Mount St. Helens. 4.- Coloring volcanoes   and complete 5.-   Resources

These are the resources that should help you find the information that you need. Each of these websites is very extensive, especially the USGS site. Sometimes the language is hard to understand. If this is the case, ask your teacher to help you understand the vocabulary that is giving you trouble. Feel free to find any other sources that are not listed below. Use search engines, or whatever you feel necessary. Volcano World- Cool site that is fairly kid oriented. Alaska Volcano Observatory- Website dedicated to providing current information about active Alaskan volcanoes. The Electronic Volcano- This is another descriptive volcano site oriented for students. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory- This is a site that reports activity to the Hawaiian volcanoes. Good for current information into these famous volcanoes. Volcano Live- An informational site that has data on current volcanoes. Volcano Informational Center- This is another informational site about volcanoes. Types of Volcanoes - This site will explain the types of volcanoes. MTU Volcanic Hazards Page- This is a site that discusses hazards for people who live within volcanic areas. Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius- This is a PBS site that talks about Vesuvius, and its impacts on the people who lived there.